Basketball - a sports team ball game in which the ball is thrown into the opponent’s basket (ring).
Two teams play basketball, each of which consists of five field players (substitutions are not limited). The goal of each team is to throw the ball into the ring with the net (basket) of the opponent and prevent the other team from taking possession of the ball and throwing it into their basket. The basket is located at a height of 3.05 meters from the parquet (10 feet). For the ball, abandoned from the near and middle distances, two points are awarded, from the far (due to the three-point line) - three points; a free throw is estimated at one point. The standard size of the basketball court is 28 m in length and 15 m in width. Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world [1].
Basketball has been part of the Olympic Games program since 1936 (the game’s inventor James Naismith was there as a guest). The regular world basketball championships for men have been held since 1950, for women since 1953, and European championships since 1935.
In Europe, international club basketball competitions are held: Euroleague, Eurocup, FIBA Challenge Cup.
This game reached its greatest development in the USA: the National Basketball Association (NBA) Championship has been the strongest national club tournament in the world for over 50 years. Basketball is considered a national sport in Lithuania (see LBL).
Initially, the rules of the game of basketball were formulated by American James Naismith and consisted of only 13 points. Over time, basketball changed, and the rules required changes. The first international rules of the game were adopted in 1932 at the first FIBA congress, after which they were repeatedly adjusted and changed, the last significant changes were made in 1998 and 2004. Since 2004, the rules of the game remain unchanged. The rules of the game are somewhat different in the NBA and the championships held under the auspices of the FIBA (world championships, Olympic games, championships of continents, international and national championships of European clubs).
Two teams play basketball, usually ten people, each of which has five players on the court at the same time. The goal of each team in basketball is to throw the ball into the opponent's basket and prevent the other team from taking the ball and throwing it into the basket of their team.
Ball play only hands. Running with the ball without hitting them on the floor, deliberately kicking him with a foot, blocking any part of the leg or punching it with a fist is a violation. Accidental contact or touching the ball with a foot or foot is not a violation.
The winner in basketball is the team, which at the end of playing time scored more points. If the score is equal at the end of the main time, the match is assigned overtime (usually five minutes of extra time), if even after it ends the score is equal, a second, third overtime, etc. are appointed, until the winner is identified. match.
For one ball into the ring can be counted a different number of points:
1 point - free throw
2 points - a throw from an average or close distance (closer than a three-point line)
3 points - a throw due to a three-point line at a distance of 6 m 75 cm (7 m 24 cm at the National Basketball Association) (a three-point shot was included in the official rules of the game (FIBA) in 1984)
The game officially begins with a controversial throw in the center circle, when the ball is correctly broken by one of the disputants. The match consists of four quarters, the duration of each 10 minutes (twelve minutes at the National Basketball Association) with intervals of two minutes. The duration of the break between the second and third quarters of the game is fifteen minutes. After a long break, the teams should switch baskets.
The game can go on the open area and in the hall with a height of at least 7 m. The field size is 28 × 15 m. The shield size is 180x105 cm. From the bottom edge of the shield to the floor or the ground should be 290 cm. The basket is a metal ring covered with a net ( without bottom). It is mounted at a distance of 0.15 m from the lower edge of the shield and 3.05 m from the floor level. Established by the FIBA standards for men's competitions, the circumference of the ball is 74.9–78 cm, weight is 567–650 g (for women’s, respectively, 72.4–73.7 cm and 510–567 g).
Football is a team sport in which the goal is to score a ball into the opponent's goal with feet or other parts of the body (except hands) more times than the opposing team. Currently the most popular and massive sport in the world.
In the XIX century, football in England gained popularity, comparable to cricket. It was played mainly in colleges. But in some colleges the rules allowed the keeping and handing over the ball, while in others, on the contrary, it was forbidden. The first attempt to create uniform rules was made in 1846, when representatives of several colleges met. They established the first set of rules. In 1857, the first specialized football club, Sheffield, was founded. In 1863, after long negotiations, a set of rules of the Football Association of England was adopted. The dimensions of the field and the gate were also taken. And in 1871 the England Cup was founded - the oldest football tournament in the world. In 1891, the penalty rule was adopted. But first, the penalty was fought not from the point, but from the line, which also, as now, was at a distance of 11 meters from the gate.
In the 1880s, football became popular in the community. The number of clubs in the Football Association exceeded 100. At the same time, rumors began to circulate that some clubs paid their players a salary, and in the original idea of the association football was an exclusively amateur sport. Therefore, in 1882 the following item was added to the rules:
Any player of the club who receives a reward in any form or monetary compensation that exceeds his personal expenses or funds in connection with entering this or that game is automatically suspended in competitions for the Cup, in any competition under the auspices of the FA and in international tournaments. The club that hired such a player is automatically excluded from the Association.
In early 1884, the Upton Park club accused Preston North End of paying the salaries to the players of this club. Preston President William Saddel also acknowledged this. The club was expelled from the FA. And in 1885, the Football Association still allowed the players to pay salaries. This led to the creation of the world's first regular Football League. The champion of this tournament was Preston North End. November 30, 1872 was held the first ever international match. He passed between England and Scotland. In 1904, FIFA, a football management organization, was founded in Paris. It includes: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain (as FC Madrid), Sweden and Switzerland.
In 1901, in Montevideo, the first ever match was held with the participation of teams that did not represent the British Isles - the home team, the Uruguay national team in a bitter struggle gave Argentina 2: 3.
Ice hockey is a team sport game on ice, which consists in the confrontation of two teams on skates, who, passing the puck with sticks, strive to throw it the greatest number of times in the opponent's gate and not to miss their own. The team that scores the most goals wins.
In hockey, the following types of violation of the rules are distinguished:
Contender's push (just like a stick and a push on board)
Attack of a player who does not own the puck (power techniques can only be used when the player owns the puck, making him take no more than two steps)
Attack on the goalkeeper (even if he is far from the gate)
Footboard
Opponent delay
Delay rival club (hook)
Contender stick delay (hands)
Attack from behind
Beat an opponent (elbow, knee, etc.)
Dangerous play with a high stick (above shoulder level)
Hitting an opponent with a stick
Playing with a broken stick or a stick of non-standard sizes
Puck hold
Intentional fall on the puck (including the goalkeeper, if he went beyond the goalkeeper's area)
Violation of the procedure for throwing in or changing the composition
Delay of the game (deliberate ejection of the puck off-site, gate offsets, etc.)
Throwing a stick on the ice to prevent the opponent
Rough game and fight
Unsportsmanlike and undisciplined behavior (the player permits a simulation - the so-called “dive” or “fish”, disputes the judge’s decision, intervenes in his actions, uses abusive behaviors, etc.)
Offside"
Forwarding puck
For some violations of the rules, the punishment may be different depending on the game situation, the main judge, for example, whether the violation was intentional or not, how much responsibility the player has for participating in a fight, etc. The rules provide for the following penalties:
small fine (2 ');
a small bench penalty (2 '), a difference from a small penalty, which is given to the team, and not to the player;
double small penalty (2 '+ 2')
large + automatically disciplinary until the end of the game penalty (5 '+ 20)
disciplinary penalty (10 ');
final disciplinary penalty (20)
match penalty (25 ');
free throw (bullet).
A hockey player who is punished with a small fine is removed from the court for 2 minutes and cannot be replaced by another player for this time. The goalkeeper in the event that he violates the rules is not removed, someone from the field players is serving his sentence. The team at the same time plays in a numerical minority. A fined player can return to the site ahead of time if the opposing team is able to realize a numerical advantage, as well as if the deletion took place less than two minutes before the end of the match, but the player still records the penalty of 2 minutes.
If a player who is on the bench or fined, fights with the judges or interferes with the game, he can be punished with a small fine. If a similar violation was made by a punished hockey player, then one of the players on the court leaves it. A small bench penalty is imposed not on a specific player, but on the whole team for a general violation, such as a violation of the number of players, a violation of equipment or for a direct violation of the culprit who cannot be identified, for example, throwing an object on the ice from the bench. In this case, the coach appoints a player who is punished with a small fine, except for the goalkeeper. The first big penalty involves removing a player for 5 minutes without the right to replace. A large repetition during one game automatically results in the player being removed until the end of the game, with his team playing 5 minutes in the minority.
For undisciplined behavior hockey player, with the exception of the goalkeeper can be removed for 10 minutes with the right substitution. Repeated disciplinary penalty becomes a disciplinary penalty until the end of the game. Hockey player, removed to the end of the game, is sent to the locker room. He will not be able to continue to play until his action is discussed in the organization responsible for the matches.
Disciplinary penalties offer a replacement for a penalized player. The so-called deferred penalty is applied if at the time a player violates the rules, there are two or more of his teammates on the penalty box: according to the rules, at least 3 players from each team must be on the court. In this case, the offending player is removed from the site and is replaced by another player for a time until the penalty time of one of his partners, fined earlier, expires.
Possible and mutual removal. Both penalized players are serving a full penalty, even if the team manages to score a goal. If the judge has fixed a violation of the rules, but the puck is still with the opponent, the game does not stop until the guilty player or one of his partners touches the puck. If at this moment the opposing team scores a goal, then the referee fixes the goal being scored, and the fined player remains on the court.
Penalty shot is assigned in the following cases:
The player of the defending team deliberately moved the gate to prevent the opponent from scoring a goal. If a fielder has done this, then he is also additionally punished with a large fine.
Fined player went to the site to prevent a goal.
The player, except for the goalkeeper, being in the area of his goal deliberately lay down on the puck, took it from the ice in his hands or scooped under his arm.
The player defending the team deliberately threw the stick in the puck to prevent a goal.
The player when attacked one on one with the goalkeeper was attacked or shot down by a player of the defending team.
2 minutes before the end of the match, the team that had on the bench fined had less than two players violated their numbers.
A free throw is performed by the player of the team against whom the violation was made. In the event of a player's injury, the bullet performs his team-mate, who is appointed by the captain. At the referee's whistle, the player performing the bullet leads, without stopping, the puck from the center point to the opponent's goal and tries to hit them.
When performing a shootout, the gate is protected only by the goalkeeper. Prior to the commencement of the free throw, he is not allowed to leave the goal area. After the bullet player touches the puck, the goalkeeper protects the goal in any way allowed. When the shot on goal has already been made, its execution is considered complete. The player performing it has no right to finish off the puck into the goal, if it has rebounded from the goalkeeper, goal post or front side.
In some cases, a team that does not violate the rules is given the choice between a free throw and the removal of a guilty player. In the case of a serious violation, double punishment in the form of a bullet and penalty time is possible. If the violation is fixed at the end of the match time, the bullet will be executed after the final siren sounds. The time required to complete it is not included in the total game time.